• HCV is a highly diverse virus with seven known

  2022-01-13

  

  HCV is a highly diverse virus with seven known genotypes (GT1–7) and multiple subtypes (Gower et al., 2014, Messina et al., 2015, Smith et al., 2014). Patients infected with HCV develop a heterogeneous population of viral species known as quasispecies due to low fidelity of the RNA-dependent RNA pol

• br Competing interests br Funding br Ethical approval br

  2022-01-13

  

  Competing interests Funding Ethical approval Acknowledgement Introduction Hepatitis C is a disease that infects the liver through transmission of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Because the symptoms of this infection are not pronounced, the infected individuals may not even be aware of t

• Among the GSK inhibitors available in market lithium is prob

  2022-01-13

  

  Among the GSK-3 inhibitors available in market, lithium is probably the only example and the oldest one. Some molecules, both natural and synthetic, such as maleimide derivatives, staurosporine (from the bacterium Streptomyces storosporeus), indole derivatives such as indirubin (used since long in t

• The recently de orphaned G protein

  2022-01-13

  

  The recently de-orphaned G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), GPR55, is activated endogenously by L-α-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), a lipid signaling molecule, as well as N-arachidonoyl glycine (NAGly) and numerous endo, phyto, and synthetic cannabinoids (Oka et al., 2007, Henstridge et al., 2010, H

• br GPR is a class

  2022-01-13

  

  GPR119 is a class A GPCR expressed on pancreatic β-cells and certain enteroendocrine hdac inhibitor which upon activation with an agonist, increases insulin secretion in response to rising glucose levels. Mechanistically, this insulinotropic effect is bifurcated involving both GPR119-mediated β-ce

• br Discovery of GPR A The murine niacin receptor protein

  2022-01-13

  

  Discovery of GPR109A The murine niacin receptor, protein upregulated in macrophages by interferon-γ (PUMA-G), was identified as a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) expressed in adipocytes and spleen [22], [23]. This finding suggested a role of this receptor in macrophage function [24]. In 2003, t

• Obestatin increased GnRH mRNA expression in

  2022-01-13

  

  Obestatin increased GnRH mRNA expression in the POA, being the main place of GnRH synthesis (Goodman, 2015). Simultaneously, obestatin also caused a decrease in the GnRH mRNA expression in ME, without affecting the level of this peptide mRNA in AHA. A lack of differences observed in the mRNA level i

• One possible pathway summarizing the overall action involves

  2022-01-13

  

  One possible pathway summarizing the overall action involves NMDA receptor activation – Ca2+ influx – protein kinase A (PKA) activation – ERK phosphorylation and subsequent synaptic plasticity (Thomas and Huganir, 2004). A few studies have also shown modulation of synaptic glutamate transporters in

• Ethanol decreased the value of desensitization for GluR Di C

  2022-01-13

  

  Ethanol decreased the τ-value of desensitization for GluR-Di. Coexpression of stargazin or γ4 further increased the effect of ethanol on desensitization (Fig. 3A, B). The highest ethanol concentration tested (200mM) reduced the τ-value by 16.5±4.9% (n=5) in the control receptors and by 29.3±9.3% (n=

• In order to understand the determinants of high

  2022-01-12

  

  In order to understand the determinants of high affinity of with amide side chain, an X-ray crystal structure of human liver FBPase in complex with was determined (). The position of phosphonate group and tricyclic scaffold of is similar to those of with no side chain, which suggests the formati

• Focal adhesion kinase Fakir et al also known as non

  2022-01-12

  

  Focal adhesion kinase (Fakir et al., 2006), also known as non-receptor tyrosine kinase (PTK2), is a 125-kDa protein that regulates cell migration, adhesion, proliferation, and survival (Tavora et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2016; Tian et al., 2017). Many studies have observed FAK overexpression and/or h

• During the activation of the coagulation cascade

  2022-01-12

  

  During the activation of the coagulation cascade, factor Xa (FXa) forms a complex with activated factor V and calcium quality on the surface of platelet membrane (so called prothrombinase complex) and converts prothrombin to thrombin [5], [6]. Selective FXa inhibitors do not directly inhibit platel

• As concerns TRPV assays benzylic

  2022-01-12

  

  As concerns TRPV1 assays, benzylic amides and benzylic reverse amides exhibited an overall superiority over their aryl counterparts and , and ureas and . A reversed trend was however observed with the 4-chlorostyryl and 4--butylphenyl moieties (compare compounds and ; , , and ; and ). The EC and IC

• Two typical properties of Gi

  2022-01-12

  

  Two typical properties of Gi/o protein-coupled receptors, namely an increase in 35S-GTPγS binding (Strange, 2010) and an inhibition of exocytotic noradrenaline release (Schlicker and Göthert, 1998), were not shared by H4 receptor activation on cortical membranes (guinea-pig and mouse) and cortical s

• According to previous methods several

  2022-01-12

  

  According to previous methods, several mobile phase compositions and gradient programmes were assayed to get the best resolved peaks for HA and MHA [12], [13], [24]. Considering the slightly structural differences of the analytes, a mobile phase consisting in two eluents of different polarity and pH

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